Pigmentation is determined by the amount of melanin in the body, a natural pigment that gives the skin, hair, and eyes their unique color. The skin can become darker or lighter as a result of changes in melanin production. These changes are influenced by certain factors, including genetics, some skin conditions (such as acne), and sun exposure.
In this article, we explain what pigmentation spots are, the main types (melasma, sun spots, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation), and the factors that contribute to their appearance. We also present prevention methods and effective treatment options, ranging from creams and exfoliating acids to retinol and advanced therapies such as laser treatments.
Contents
- What are pigmentation spots?
- Types of pigmentation spots
- What causes pigmentation spots?
- How can hyperpigmentation be prevented?
- Treatment options for pigmentation spots
What Are Pigmentation Spots?
Hyperpigmentation is characterized by the appearance of darkened patches of skin caused by aging or prolonged sun exposure. Pigmentation spots may appear as small, scattered dots in limited areas or may cover larger areas of the body.
Although hyperpigmentation is not harmful, it can sometimes be a symptom of an underlying medical condition.
Types of Pigmentation Spots
There are several types of pigmentation spots, but three of them are the most common.
Melasma
Melasma is caused by hormonal changes and is more common among pregnant women. The hyperpigmented areas are extensive and can appear on any part of the body, but they most often develop on the abdomen and face.
Sun-Induced Pigmentation Spots
Also known as solar lentigines (sun spots) or senile lentigines (age spots), these are caused by ultraviolet rays as a result of excessive sun exposure over many years. They generally develop on areas most frequently exposed to UV radiation, such as the hands and face.
Post-Inflammatory Hyperpigmentation
This type of pigmentation spot is the result of a skin injury or inflammation. A common cause of post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation is acne.
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What Causes Pigmentation Spots?
Skin tone is the result of a complex process in which specialized cells in the epidermis, called melanocytes, produce melanin. This pigment is stored in organelles (mini–cell structures) known as melanosomes. Variations in skin color depend on the amount, size, and activity of these small melanin producers.
- A common cause of hyperpigmentation is the excessive production of melanin. Various conditions or external factors can alter melanin production in the body.
- Certain medications can also cause skin hyperpigmentation. For example, some chemotherapy drugs may have pigmentation spots as a side effect.
- Pregnancy alters hormone levels and can affect melanin production in some women.
- A rare endocrine disorder called Addison’s disease may cause brown patches to appear on the skin, especially in areas most exposed to the sun (face, neck, hands).
- Excessive sun exposure can also trigger an increase in melanin production.
